What does Canadian Consumer Product Safety Act (CCPSA) require and does it protect your family?
Canadian Consumer Product Safety Act (CCPSA)
Type
Regulation / Standard
Sources
8 cited
Canada's primary consumer product safety law, enacted in 2010, which prohibits the manufacturing, importing, advertising, and selling of consumer products that pose an unreasonable danger to human health or safety. Administered by Health Canada, the CCPSA covers kitchen appliances including air fryers and requires mandatory incident reporting by manufacturers and importers. CSA (Canadian Standards Association) certification is the primary compliance pathway for electrical appliances sold in Canada.
Also known as: CCPSA, Canada Consumer Product Safety Act, Bill C-36 (Consumer Product Safety), S.C. 2010, c. 21
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Reality Check
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What is Canadian Consumer Product Safety Act (CCPSA)?
If you are a Canadian family shopping for air fryers or kitchen appliances, or an American family that occasionally buys from Canadian retailers, the Canadian Consumer Product Safety Act is the law that determines whether a product is legal to sell north of the border. The CCPSA is Canada's equivalent of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Act - but with some meaningful differences in how it works, what it requires, and how it is enforced.
Understanding the CCPSA helps families evaluate products sold in Canada and make informed decisions about cross-border purchases, especially for electrical appliances where safety certification standards differ between countries.
What the CCPSA Is
The Canadian Consumer Product Safety Act (CCPSA) received Royal Assent on December 15, 2010, and came into force on June 20, 2011. It replaced the outdated Hazardous Products Act (HPA) for consumer products - though the HPA still applies to workplace hazardous materials through WHMIS.
The CCPSA is administered by Health Canada's Consumer Product Safety Directorate, which operates within the broader Health Products and Food Branch. This is a key structural difference from the U.S. system: in Canada, consumer product safety sits within the health ministry rather than in an independent agency like the CPSC.
The law applies to all consumer products manufactured, imported, advertised, or sold in Canada, with specific exclusions for products regulated under other Canadian statutes (food, drugs, cosmetics, pest control products, vehicles, and others).
What the CCPSA Requires
The CCPSA established several key obligations that directly affect what products reach Canadian families.
General Prohibition
Section 7 of the CCPSA creates a broad general prohibition: no person shall manufacture, import, advertise, or sell a consumer product that is a danger to human health or safety, that is subject to a recall order, or that does not meet prescribed safety requirements. This general prohibition is broader than what existed under the previous HPA and gives Health Canada authority to address unsafe products even when no specific regulation covers them.
Mandatory Incident Reporting
Section 14 of the CCPSA requires manufacturers and importers to report to Health Canada within two days of becoming aware of an incident involving one of their products. Reportable incidents include serious injuries, deaths, and incidents that could reasonably be expected to cause a death or serious adverse effect on health. This is similar to Section 15(b) reporting under the U.S. CPSA, but with a shorter reporting window - two days in Canada versus the "immediately" (interpreted as within 24 hours) requirement under U.S. law.
Mandatory Recall Authority
One of the most significant changes the CCPSA introduced was giving the Minister of Health explicit authority to order mandatory recalls. Under the old HPA, Health Canada could negotiate voluntary recalls but had no legal power to force a company to recall a product. The CCPSA closed that gap. The Minister can issue recall orders, stop-sale orders, and require manufacturers to take corrective measures. This mandatory recall authority is comparable to - and in some ways more direct than - the CPSC's authority under the U.S. CPSA, where mandatory recalls require administrative proceedings.
Record Keeping and Traceability
The CCPSA requires manufacturers and importers to maintain documents that allow them to trace consumer products one step forward and one step back in the supply chain. This traceability requirement helps Health Canada identify the source and distribution of unsafe products quickly when a safety issue arises.
CSA Certification for Electrical Appliances
For air fryers and other electrical kitchen appliances, the practical compliance pathway in Canada runs through CSA Group (formerly the Canadian Standards Association). CSA is an accredited standards development organization and testing laboratory that certifies products to Canadian electrical safety standards.
The key standards for kitchen appliances are:
CSA C22.2 No. 61-14: Household cooking and food serving appliances
CSA C22.2 No. 0-10: General requirements for the Canadian Electrical Code
These standards are harmonized with international IEC standards but include Canada-specific requirements, particularly around voltage (120V, 60Hz for household circuits) and environmental conditions.
CSA certification involves laboratory testing of product samples, evaluation of manufacturing processes, and ongoing surveillance through factory inspections. Products that pass carry the CSA mark - a certification mark recognized across Canada and accepted by most Canadian provincial electrical safety authorities.
Where it's found
Regulatory compliance documentation for consumer products sold in Canada
Health Canada recall notices and safety warnings at recalls-rappels.canada.ca
Health concerns & context
Health concerns
The CCPSA addresses all consumer product safety hazards including electrical risks (shock, fire), mechanical hazards (sharp edges, small parts), chemical exposures from product materials, and thermal hazards from cooking appliances. For air fryers, the primary safety concerns covered include electrical safety, fire risk from overheating, and material safety of food-contact surfaces. Health Canada also monitors emerging chemical safety issues including PFAS in food-contact materials under separate regulatory authorities.
Regulatory status
The CCPSA is active Canadian federal law, in force since June 20, 2011. It is administered by Health Canada's Consumer Product Safety Directorate. The Act gives the Minister of Health authority to issue mandatory recalls, stop-sale orders, and corrective action orders. Provincial and territorial governments have complementary jurisdiction over electrical safety codes and building standards. CSA Group and other Standards Council of Canada-accredited bodies provide the primary certification pathway for electrical product compliance.
Who is most at risk?
Canadian families purchasing uncertified electrical appliances from online marketplaces where compliance verification may be inconsistent
Cross-border shoppers buying products certified only for the other country's market without dual certification
Consumers who do not check Health Canada's recall database and may continue using recalled products
Families purchasing products from importers who may not fulfill mandatory incident reporting obligations under Section 14
How to read the label
Look for these
CSA certification mark on electrical appliances - indicates testing to Canadian electrical safety standards by an accredited laboratory
UL or ETL marks from laboratories accredited by the Standards Council of Canada for the Canadian market
No active recalls on Health Canada's recall database (recalls-rappels.canada.ca)
Bilingual (English/French) safety warnings and product documentation as required by Canadian law
Manufacturer or importer identification on packaging with Canadian contact information
Watch out for
Electrical appliances sold in Canada without any recognized certification mark (CSA, UL, ETL) - uncertified electrical products may not meet Canadian safety standards
Products with only a CE mark and no North American certification - CE marking indicates European compliance, not Canadian
Self-declared 'Health Canada approved' claims - Health Canada does not approve consumer products before sale; it enforces safety standards after market entry
What this does NOT cover
Food safety and food additives - regulated by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Health Canada's Food DirectorateDrugs, natural health products, and medical devices - regulated under the Food and Drugs ActMotor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment - regulated under the Motor Vehicle Safety ActPest control products - regulated under the Pest Control Products ActChemical safety of food-contact substances like PFAS - regulated under CEPA and the Food and Drugs Act, not the CCPSA
How to verify
Search Health Canada's recall database at recalls-rappels.canada.ca for the specific product and brand. Verify CSA certification by checking the CSA Group's certified product listing at csagroup.org. For UL-certified products in Canada, verify through UL's Product iQ database. Contact Health Canada's Consumer Product Safety program at 1-866-662-0666 for questions about specific product compliance.
How it compares
Certification
Electrical Safety
Chemical Safety
Mandatory (US)
Notes
Canadian Consumer Product Safety Act (CCPSA)(this page)
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R3 Bottom Line
What this means for your family
1The CCPSA provides strong consumer protection with meaningful enforcement authority including mandatory recalls and significant penalties - Canadian families have robust legal protections for consumer products including air fryers and kitchen appliances.
2Look for the CSA mark (or UL/ETL from Standards Council of Canada-accredited labs) on any electrical appliance purchased in Canada - this confirms independent third-party safety testing to Canadian standards.
3Cross-border shoppers should verify that products carry the appropriate certification for their country - a UL Listed mark covers U.S. standards while CSA covers Canadian standards, and while the overlap is substantial, they are not interchangeable.
4Check Health Canada's recall database at recalls-rappels.canada.ca before buying, and report any safety incidents - Health Canada's mandatory reporting system depends on consumer reports to identify emerging hazards.
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The CCPSA is Canada's primary federal law governing consumer product safety, in force since June 2011. It prohibits the manufacture, import, advertising, and sale of consumer products that pose a danger to human health or safety. Health Canada administers the law, which covers all consumer products including kitchen appliances, toys, household goods, and electronics. The Act gives the Minister of Health authority to order mandatory recalls, stop sales, and require corrective actions.
Do air fryers need CSA certification to be sold in Canada?
While the CCPSA does not specifically name CSA certification as a requirement, provincial and territorial electrical safety regulations generally require that electrical products sold in their jurisdictions bear a mark from an accredited certification body. CSA is the most widely recognized, but marks from UL, ETL, and other bodies accredited by the Standards Council of Canada are also accepted. In practice, selling an uncertified electrical appliance in Canada would likely violate both provincial electrical safety codes and the CCPSA's general safety prohibition.
How do I check if a product has been recalled in Canada?
Search Health Canada's recall database at recalls-rappels.canada.ca by product name, brand, or category. You can also subscribe to email notifications for recall alerts. The database includes consumer product recalls, health product recalls, and food recalls. For products purchased from U.S. retailers, also check the CPSC recall database at cpsc.gov/Recalls, as recalls may be issued in one country before the other.
Can I use a U.S.-bought air fryer in Canada?
Physically, yes - both countries use the same household electrical system (120V, 60Hz). From a safety certification perspective, a product with only a UL Listed mark has been tested to U.S. standards, which overlap significantly with Canadian standards but are not identical. Products with dual CSA and UL certification have been verified to both countries' requirements. If the product carries a UL mark, it likely meets Canadian safety requirements in practice, but provincial electrical authorities technically require certification from a Standards Council of Canada-accredited body.
What happens if a manufacturer does not report a safety incident in Canada?
Under Section 14 of the CCPSA, manufacturers and importers must report safety incidents to Health Canada within two days. Failure to report is a violation of the Act and can result in fines up to $5 million CAD and up to two years imprisonment for serious offences. Health Canada also has authority to issue compliance orders and seek court injunctions against non-compliant companies.
Does Health Canada test products before they are sold?
No. Like the U.S. CPSC, Health Canada does not test or approve consumer products before they reach store shelves. The CCPSA establishes a post-market enforcement system where manufacturers are responsible for ensuring their products are safe and compliant. Health Canada conducts inspections, marketplace surveillance, and product testing after products are in commerce. Electrical safety certification from CSA or equivalent bodies provides the primary pre-market independent verification for appliances.
How does the CCPSA handle products bought online from foreign sellers?
The CCPSA applies to products sold in Canada regardless of where the seller is located. However, enforcement against foreign online sellers can be challenging. The Canada Border Services Agency works with Health Canada to intercept non-compliant imports, but individual consumer purchases shipped directly from overseas may not be screened. Canadian families buying from international online marketplaces should verify that products carry appropriate certification marks and check both Canadian and international recall databases.
It is worth noting that CSA certification is not the only pathway. Other nationally recognized testing laboratories - including UL (which issues the UL Listed mark), Intertek (ETL), and others accredited by the Standards Council of Canada - can also certify products for the Canadian market. However, CSA remains the most widely recognized mark for electrical products in Canada.
How CCPSA Differs from U.S. CPSC Regulation
Families who shop across the border or buy from international retailers should understand the key differences between Canadian and American product safety systems.
Regulatory structure: Health Canada administers the CCPSA as part of the health ministry. The U.S. CPSC is an independent regulatory agency with its own commissioners. This structural difference can affect responsiveness and enforcement priorities.
Mandatory recall authority: The CCPSA gave Health Canada explicit mandatory recall authority from the start. The CPSC has had this authority since 1972 but exercises it through more complex administrative proceedings. In practice, most recalls in both countries are voluntary - mandatory recall authority serves primarily as leverage to ensure cooperation.
Certification marks: In Canada, CSA certification is the dominant electrical safety mark. In the U.S., UL Listed is the most recognized. Both marks require independent third-party testing, but they certify to different national standards. A product certified only to CSA standards may not meet all U.S. requirements, and vice versa. Many products sold in both countries carry dual certification (CSA and UL marks), but not all do.
Voltage compatibility: Canada and the U.S. share the same household electrical system (120V, 60Hz), so an air fryer designed for one market will physically work in the other. However, electrical safety certification is country-specific - a product certified only for the Canadian market by CSA has been tested to Canadian standards, which overlap significantly with but are not identical to UL standards.
Chemical restrictions: Canada has its own chemical management framework under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) and the Food and Drugs Act. Canadian restrictions on substances like PFAS in food-contact materials may differ from U.S. FDA rules or state-level PFAS bans. Health Canada has been actively reviewing PFAS and published a draft state of the science report on PFAS as a class in 2023.
Health Canada's Enforcement in Practice
Health Canada enforces the CCPSA through inspections, product testing, border surveillance, and collaboration with the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). Inspectors have authority to enter premises, examine products, seize unsafe goods, and order corrective actions.
The department maintains a public recall database at recalls-rappels.canada.ca, which is searchable by product type, brand, and date. Health Canada also participates in international product safety networks, sharing recall information with the CPSC and other agencies through the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Global Recalls portal.
Penalties under the CCPSA can be significant. Violations can result in fines up to $5 million CAD and imprisonment for up to two years for serious offences. The penalties were substantially increased from the previous HPA framework to create meaningful deterrence.
Cross-Border Shopping Considerations
For American families buying from Canadian retailers (common in border states and through online shopping), and for Canadian families considering U.S. products, there are practical safety considerations.
Warranty and recall coverage: A product purchased in Canada may not be covered by U.S. recall programs, and vice versa. Recalls are country-specific - Health Canada issues its own recall notices independent of the CPSC. If you buy an air fryer from a Canadian retailer and it is later recalled in Canada, you may not receive notification if your address is in the U.S.
Certification marks: Check that the product carries the appropriate certification mark for your country. A CSA mark alone does not guarantee the product meets U.S. electrical safety standards, though in practice the overlap is substantial for household appliances operating on the same voltage.
Consumer reporting: If a product purchased in Canada causes an injury or safety concern, report it to Health Canada through their Consumer Product Incident Report form. If purchased in the U.S., report to the CPSC through SaferProducts.gov. Filing with the correct agency ensures the report reaches the right enforcement authority.
What This Means for Your Family
The CCPSA provides a robust safety framework for consumer products sold in Canada. For air fryers and kitchen appliances specifically, the combination of the CCPSA's general safety prohibition and CSA (or equivalent) electrical safety certification creates a reasonable baseline of protection.
Canadian families should look for the CSA mark (or UL/ETL marks from Standards Council of Canada-accredited labs) on electrical appliances, check Health Canada's recall database before purchasing, and report safety incidents through the proper channels. The CCPSA's mandatory recall authority means Health Canada can act decisively when hazards are identified - a meaningful enforcement tool that protects Canadian consumers.
For cross-border shoppers, the key takeaway is that Canadian and American safety systems are similar but not identical. Products certified for one market are likely safe in the other for household use, but certification marks, recall coverage, and warranty protections are country-specific. When in doubt, look for products carrying dual CSA and UL Listed certification, which confirms independent testing to both countries' standards.
Import compliance requirements for consumer goods entering Canada through CBSA
Product labeling and safety documentation for cross-border commerce between Canada and the U.S.